Abstract: USMCA is
a pending free trade agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. Premier
Scott Moe is positive for the USMCA deal as Saskatchewan needs access to the
No. 1 trading partner. Compared to NAFTA, the agreement gives the U.S. more
access to Canada's $19 billion dairy market, incentivizes more US production of
cars and trucks, increases environmental and labor regulations, and introduces
updated intellectual property protections. The Trump administration had built
on the previous work done on the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a comprehensive,
12-country trade agreement representing roughly 40% of the value of goods and
services produced worldwide, which US President Trump pulled out from. The pact
was designed to boost exports, remove tariffs and non-tariff barriers, open
access to more markets and bring forward transparency in trade rules. Canada would
have given American farmers access to roughly 3.25% of its dairy industry,
instead of 3.6% under USMCA, while enjoying the increased market access to the
US, as in the free trade agreement with EU (which 100% is allowed). There’s also
the formal new requirement that Canada notifies the U.S. and Mexico of any
intent to negotiate with non-market economies (i.e. China and India) 3 months before
it can sign a free trade agreement with China or India. In addition, a
committee will be set up to monitor the macroeconomic and exchange rate
policies of the three countries to deter competitive devaluation. Impact on SK Line
Pipe exports will be about C$26.4 million, yet according to MP Melanie Joly, USMCA
means continued market access security for $15.3 billion in Saskatchewan’s exports
to the U.S. and stability for workers. The Canada West Foundation modelled the
economic impact of the agreement without the U.S., and surprisingly, found that
Canada did better with the Americans out of the agreement. Saskatchewan can
seek pro-Canadian lobbyists to change certain clauses. It should also actively explore
trading with other countries, esp. within the CPTPP framework. In short, USMCA
provides certain confidence and certainty and reduces transaction costs. With
CPTPP ratified, Saskatchewan may enjoy wider and deeper benefits, and it should
be ready for both the coming challenges and the new opportunities.
Key Words: USMCA, Saskatchewan, trade, CPTPP
I.
Background
Many people may have heard
of USMCA, especially around October 1, 2018. USMCA is a pending free trade
agreement between Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is also referred to
as "NAFTA 2.0", in order to distinguish it from its intended current
predecessor North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which came into effect
on January 1, 1994.. It is the result of the 2017–2018 renegotiation of NAFTA including
threats of tariffs by the United States against Canada in
addition to the possibility of separate bilateral deals instead. The member
states informally agreed to the terms on September 30, 2018, and formally on
October 1, with the final ratification and implementation pending. The present
agreement was the result of more than a year of negotiations Withdrawing from
the Paris Agreement, ceasing to be part of negotiations for the Trans-Pacific
Partnership, and significantly increasing tariffs with China, President Trump
reinforced that he was serious about seeking changes to NAFTA[i].
As 55% of exports from SK
and 85% imports into SK are with the US, “preserving that kind of trading
environment with that kind of partner is of crucial importance,” Premier Moe
said[ii].
With the above in mind, this is absolutely true.
II.
General Situation
Some of the highlights of
this agreement include the U.S. getting more access to Canada’s protected dairy
market; no U.S. tariffs on cars Canadian and Mexico export unless it exceeds
2.6 million units a year; Canada and Mexico are both raising their duty-free
levels with the former going from $20 to $150 and the latter from $50 to $100;
and Canada will extend the patent protection for an important class of
prescription drugs called biologics from 8 to 10 years, a move some have
criticized could result in increased health-care costs by delaying the cheaper
generic copies into the market. Canada was also able to keep the dispute
resolution mechanism Chapter 19 intact, which allows companies to request
arbitration when they feel their products have been unfairly hit with
anti-dumping or undo duties[iii].
Someone commented that this
agreement is in every respect worse for Canada than the status quo, which is
reiterated by the Wall Street Journal. “If you look at the details on this, we
made new concessions,” Garnett Genuis, MP of Fort Saskatchewan, said. “There
were major outstanding issues for Canada that were not addressed. It is worse
than the status quo but better than no deal at all.” [iv]
According to Premier Scott
Moe, he was positive for the USMCA deal as Saskatchewan needs access to the No.
1 trading partner. However, he was concerned about the non-market clause as he
was in China for a week and he cherished trade with China as export to China
tripled in the last decade. He is also heading for India, which is included in
the clause as well. Nevertheless, he said it depended on how you would interpret
a free trade country as we in Canada could not even have a free market across
the country[v].
III.
Comparison to Other Trade Agreements
1.
NAFTA
Compared to NAFTA, the
agreement gives the U.S. more access to Canada's $19 billion dairy market,
incentivizes more US production of cars and trucks, increases environmental and
labor regulations, and introduces updated intellectual property protections.
NAFTA took effect in 1994
and was designed to last indefinitely; USMCA will take effect in 2020, be
reviewed every six years and could expire in 2036, or be extended to 2052.
Starting in 2020, 30% of
vehicle production must be done by workers earning an average production wage
of at least $16 per hour. That’s about three times the pay of the average
Mexican autoworker. In 2023, the production percentage rises to 40%. This could
result in job production moving from Mexico to the U.S. 70% of the steel and
aluminum used in vehicles will have to come from the U.S., Canada or Mexico,
and automakers can qualify for zero tariffs if 75% of their vehicles’
components are manufactured in the three countries (under NAFTA it was
62.5%)[vi].
With USMCA, Canada will give
away to the US $560 million worth of dairy products or 3.5% of Canada’s
total diary market.
If the U.S. imposes new auto
tariffs, Mexico and Canada would be able to export up to 2.6 million passenger
vehicles to the U.S. annually without any tariffs. Exports above that amount
could be subject to tariffs. Pickup trucks built in both countries would be
completely exempt from the tariffs.
For the first time, law
enforcement officials can stop suspected counterfeit or pirated goods in any of
the three countries. Harsher punishments will be added for pirated movies
online and civil/criminal penalties for satellite/cable signal theft.
2.
TPP
U.S. Trade Representative
Robert Lighthizer acknowledged that, in negotiating the new deal with Canada
and Mexico, the Trump administration had built on the previous work done on the
Trans-Pacific Partnership. The Trans-Pacific Partnership was a comprehensive,
12-country trade agreement that Obama signed in 2016 after seven years of
negotiation. The pact was designed to boost exports, remove tariffs and
non-tariff barriers, open access to more markets and bring forward transparency
in trade rules.
Countries in the agreement
included Australia, Canada, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Vietnam, Chile,
Brunei, Singapore and New Zealand – all representing roughly 40% of the value
of goods and services produced worldwide. Trump discarded TPP on his third day
in office. However, while the packaging may be different, roughly two-thirds[vii] of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, or
USMCA, can be traced back to language in the now-discarded Trans-Pacific
Partnership, a trade deal negotiated by Trump’s predecessor.
Under USMCA, Canada would
give away 3.5% of Canada’s total $16 billion dairy market, while under
Trans-Pacific Partnership Canada would have given American farmers access to
roughly 3.25% of its dairy industry. Some parts of the new agreement were not
in the TPP. Among them are provisions dictating the percentage of an automobile
that must be built from parts made in North America and mandating that that up
to 45% of an auto must be made by workers earning at least $16 an hour[viii].
“The original TPP…was fairly
location-neutral in terms of investment, the idea was to let companies invest
in whichever of the TPP countries made the most sense for them,” Edward Alden,
a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in the US, said. Alden also
says. “If your goal was to build strong relations with allies, and particularly
the allies the US is going to need as competition with China intensifies, this
probably wasn’t a good strategy. The US has broken a lot of crockery here, and
left a lot of bad feelings in Canada, in Mexico, South Korea, we’ll see about
Europe.”[ix]
One material
difference between the TPP and USMCA appears to be this latter term which under
the TPP was 70 years from publication, and USMCA appears to have rejected a
provision that was included in the TPP about language interpretation to make a
balance. USMCA nevertheless not only recites the language of existing free
trade agreements on Section 512 of the DMCA, but adds a new provision pressed
by the Internet Association and others to reflect the kind of protection
against liability found under Section 230 of the CDA, which maintains an
unaccountable status quo and makes addressing internet harms infinitely more
difficult[x].
Under TPP, that
timeline for biologic drugs to enjoy exclusive data rights was five to eight
years, matching current US law, while the one under USMCA is extended to 10
years, regarded a great thing for US pharmaceutical innovators, leaving
Americans, Canadians and Mexicans to face higher prices at the drug counter as
the clause delays the generic cheaper copies into the market.
IV.
Problems
1.
Dispute
Resolution Mechanism
Though Canada is fortunate
in keeping the dispute resolution mechanism in Chapter 19, it’s difficult to
see how effective it will be given any tariff measures justified in the name of
national security.
2.
Non-market
Economy Clause
There’s the formal
requirement that Canada and Mexico notify the U.S. of any intent to negotiate
with non-market economies (i.e. China and India) and notify them three months
before it can sign a free trade agreement with China or India. Also, when one
country signs an agreement with a non-market economy, the other two countries
can choose to remain in the agreement or they can withdraw with a 6-month
notice[xi].
While this may put Canada and Mexico into an awkward situation, the US can take
advantage of it.
3.
Exchange Rate
Monitoring
There’s also the section
that establishes a committee to monitor the macroeconomic and exchange rate
policies of the three countries ostensibly to maintain market-oriented exchange
rates and refrain from competitive devaluation. While there are no doubt fiscal
and monetary policy links between Canada and the U.S. already, this more formal
process raises questions about the independence of our fiscal and monetary
policy and the role of the Bank of Canada. With the US dollar a popular
international exchange medium, should Canada follow the US monetary policy
while the Canadian dollar is not so popular and widely used?
4.
Sunset Clause
As thousands of businesses
would plan their affairs around the new trade patterns with zero tariffs, the
impact is so huge that leaving the agreement would be too damaging and
disruptive to imagine, especially for small economies like Canada and Mexico.
Article 34.6 of the new deal still provides for withdrawal on six months’
notice, with the agreement continuing for parties that don’t withdraw. The new
Article 34.7 says in addition that the agreement expires after 16 years (note why
16 is not certain yet) unless each country agrees to extend it. There’s also a
compulsory review after six years, at which point countries will indicate if
they want to extend for another 16 years. If they don’t agree to this, there
will be a review every year, after each of which they shall have the
opportunity to renew again for another 16 years. There’s the obvious
possibility that in years seven to 15 of the new deal’s life an equally
mercantilist and combative U.S. president will hold off on extending the
agreement’s life, thus recreating the uncertainty—such as we have seen in the
last two years—that will persuade many businesses that in North America the
U.S. is the only sure place to invest.[xii]
V.
Possible Effects
1.
Positive Effects
As SK relies heavily on
trade with the US, a deal to maintain certainty in conducting trade is
important, as stressed by Steve McLellan, CEO of the Saskatchewan Chamber of
Commerce. Secondly, Chapter 19, which has protected Canada’s interests for many
times, is kept intact.
There are also some changes
regarding online purchases and biological pharmaceutical drugs. While the new
$150 duty-free limit for online purchases and $40 sales tax exemption[xiii]
may put small Canadian retailers at a competitive disadvantage, the writer
believes this is good news for online consumers, and this clause is not to
blame if it is treated the same way in the US as it is in Canada. This may be
also applied to the case of patent protection of biological pharmaceutical
drugs form 8 years to 10 years as more money may be spent on pharmaceutical
drugs research, though this may also mean more expensive drugs for Canadians[xiv].
The data-exclusivity extension included in the USMCA essentially means American
drug companies will be able to sell their biologics in Canada for a full
decade, delaying the entry of cheaper generics by two years, and this could
cost taxpayers "tens of millions" annually. Nevertheless, Patented
Medicine Prices Review Board policy changes would likely be rolling out
simultaneously with the USMCA extension, which could take "a lot of bite”[xv]
2.
Negative Effects
First, the deal doesn’t
remove the US tariffs on steel and aluminum, which was used by Trump as a
negotiating tool, but Mr Lukiwski said Trudeau broke his promise on this. United
Steel Workers of America local 5890 (USW) president Mike Day said this is
disappointing news for the 2,000 members working at Regina Evraz steel mill[xvi].
Also, there is going to be three burdens for SK: the US tariff, the carbon tax
and the compensation from the federal government, which has to be recouped.
Premier Moe said that Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 needs to
be addressed, and with pipelines and other business included, this means more
than Evraz.
Secondly, the new trade deal
will shrink the dairy product industry and hurt 165 dairy producers in
Saskatchewan. On top of other trade agreements, SaskMilk General Manager Peter
Brown said the United States has about 9% market access. Once the system is
entrenched, Brown anticipates $200 million of Canada’s dairy industry will flow
to the United States annually. Taking over Canada's industry wouldn’t even
solve their problem. So it’s going to be a very tiny impact for them, but a
large impact for Canada as a smaller country. While the U.S dairy farmers have
more access to the Canadian dairy market (note that the Americans have opened
up 3% of the dairy market while the Canadians opened up 10%)[xvii],
the Canadian market and Canadian dairy farmers have absolutely no increased
access to the US. 3.6% of the dairy market was offered up and Canada has vowed
to compensate dairy farmers for any losses they might incur. “When the Harper
government negotiated the free trade agreement with the European Union, we gave
the European Union access to about three percent of Canada’s dairy market,
primarily in Québec,” said Tom Lukiwski, the Conservative Member of Parliament
for Moose Jaw-Lake Centre-Lanigan. “In return, Canadian dairy farmers had
access to the entire European Union.”[xviii].
Many politicians claim to support free trade, but are opposed to Canadian
consumers having more access to goods produced abroad. While the federal
government – again, is doling out tax dollars as corporate welfare to domestic
dairy farmers to compensate them for the marginal loss in market share they
will experience, Canadians have to pay the dairy farmers, through higher taxes,
in order to achieve just slightly freer trade in the dairy sector.
Thirdly, there are the
non-market economy clause and the sunset clause which may deter Saskatchewan
from furthering trade with China (especially to reach a free trade agreement) and
India and make the future uncertain so that Saskatchewan businesses dare not
engage themselves in a longer term.
Fourthly, the exchange rate
monitoring clause makes Canada and Saskatchewan more in line with the US in
monetary policy, which may trigger higher mortgage payments and higher rents following
higher interest rates in the US.
VI.
Estimate of Net Benefit/Loss on Saskatchewan
The United States was the
primary export destination for Saskatchewan in 2017 with 55% ($16 billion) of
all merchandise exports. Exports to Asia represented 28% ($8 billion) of all
merchandise exports, which slightly dropped from 32% ($8.4 billion) in 2016[xix].
The writer has calculated
the following with the data mostly from 2017 unless otherwise mentioned[xx]:
l Impact on Line Pipe exports with the assumption that a
25% tariff on steel will cause a 12.5% decrease of US imports: 211479*0.125 =
C$26,434,875
l Impact on dairy products assuming the decrease of
dairy exports to the US will be 5%[xxi]
based the percentage of exports similar to the percentage of dairy cows with
the latter not so different from that of 2015: 378876271*(27.1/959.6)*0.05 = C$534,990.98
l Impact of the potential price rise after a retaliatory
tariff of 10% on the retail goods imported from the US assuming a price rise of
5%:
1750
million*0.05 = C$87.5 million
It can be said briefly that
the US tariff on steel will have more impacts on Saskatchewan directly. Nevertheless,
according to MP Melanie Joly, USMCA means continued market access security for
$15.3 billion in Saskatchewan’s exports to the U.S. and stability for workers[xxii].
As Canada ratified the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for
Trans-Pacific Partnerships (CPTPP), Canada will be positioned to take market
share from places like Japan and Malaysia[xxiii].
Therefore, it seems that the final net result will be promising, and this will
be strengthened if SK and China can engage more in their future trade deals.
VII.
Adoptable Measures
There are basically things
Saskatchewan can do.
First, Saskatchewan can seek
pro-Canadian lobbyists to change certain clauses. With the Democrats in charge
of the Congress, this may be easier to achieve. Secondly, Saskatchewan should
actively participate in trading with other countries, esp. within the CPTPP
framework.
The CPTPP is about opening new
and growing markets, and using better ways to increase and diversify trade with
the possibility of encompassing China, South Korea, Columbia and Japan, and it
is not in confliction with USMCA as it is neither a bilateral trade negotiation
nor a new negotiation. The Canada West Foundation modelled the economic impact
of the agreement without the U.S., and surprisingly, found that Canada did
better with the Americans out of the agreement[xxiv].
For Saskatchewan, where trade
with Asia is important, the CPTPP gives exporters preferential access in 10
markets that rim the Pacific Ocean, six of them in Asia, including Japan,
Vietnam and Malaysia, with China reportedly suddenly showing interest in
joining the CPTPP. Given that Canada has only one trade agreement in Asia,
gaining the equivalent of six new agreements at once is in itself a huge win.
Also, Canada’s Finance Minister Bill Morneau and the Trade Minister Jim Carr
will be visiting China on December 11[xxv].
According to Trudeau, nothing in the agreement can prevent Canada from
developing its trade relationship with China. With 3/4 of GDP exporting to the
US, the federal government has realized that diversity is very important, and
enhancing trade with China will be done in the future in a open, practical and
thoughtful way. CPTPP represents hundreds of millions in potential tariff
savings alone. And thanks to the Americans having been part of the original
negotiations, there was more market share on the table as countries made
concessions with the Americans at the table.
Benefits of the CPTPP go beyond
tariff reduction. The trade facilitation rules, rules of origin, and
transparency provisions will also help reduce the cost of doing business with
member countries. Given the current climate and the rising trend towards
protectionist trade policies around the world, the ratification of the CPTPP
will be a welcome opportunity for Saskatchewan’s agriculture sector and an
important factor in reaching the targets in the Saskatchewan Plan for Growth[xxvi].
VIII. Conclusion
USMCA may be worse than
NAFTA, but it is better than nothing achieved. The impacts of USMCA on
Saskatchewan are yet to determine. However, with CPTPP ratified, Saskatchewan
may enjoy wider and deeper benefits, and it should be ready for both the coming
challenges and the new opportunities.
论美加墨贸易协议对萨省的影响（摘要）
美加墨贸易协议是加拿大、墨西哥和美国之间的待决自由贸易协议。由于萨斯喀彻温省需要第一大贸易伙伴的市场准入，因此省长斯科特·莫尔对美加墨贸易协议持积极态度。与北美自由贸易协定相比，该协议使美国能更多地进入加拿大190亿元的乳制品市场，鼓励美国更多的汽车和卡车生产，增加对环境和劳动的规制，并引入最新的知识产权保护。该协议是特朗普政府在以前的跨太平洋伙伴关系协定工作的基础上达成的，这是一项全面的12国贸易协定，约占全球生产的商品和服务价值的40％，但后来为美国总统特朗普撤出。该协议旨在促进出口、取消关税和非关税壁垒、开放更多市场，并提高贸易规则的透明度。加拿大本来可以让美国农民获得大约3.25％的乳制品市场，而不是美加墨贸易协议下的3.6％，并同时像对欧盟那样（对欧盟国家是100%准入）享有增加的美国市场准入。还有一项新的正式要求，即加拿大在与非市场经济体中国或印度签署自由贸易协定前3个月必须通知美国和墨西哥。此外，一个监督委员会将得以成立，监督三国的宏观经济和汇率政策，以阻止竞争性贬值。就影响而言，对萨省钢管出口的影响将达到约2640万加元，但根据国会议员梅勒妮•乔利的说法，美加墨贸易协议意味着萨斯喀彻温省向美国出口将确保有153亿美元的持续市场准入以及工人队伍的稳定性。加拿大西部基金会模拟了没有美国的协议对经济的影响，并且惊讶地发现加拿大会做得更好。萨斯喀彻温省可以寻求亲加拿大游说者改变某些条款；它还应该积极拓展与其他国家的贸易，尤其是在跨太平洋伙伴全面进展协定框架内。 总之，美加墨贸易协议给我们提供了一定的信心和确定性，并减少了交易成本。随着跨太平洋伙伴全面进展协定的批准，萨斯喀彻温省可能会获得更广泛和更深层次的利益，它应该为即将到来的挑战和新的机遇做好准备。
关键词：USMCA、萨省、贸易、CPTPP
[i] United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, as shown by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Mexico%E2%80%93Canada_Agreement.
[ii] David Baxter: Steel tariffs, American dairy and cheaper online
shopping; what USMCA means for Sask., Global News, Oct 1, 2018, please click the following link to read the
interesting article: https://globalnews.ca/news/4504520/sask-steelworkers-disappointed-tariffs-remain-despite-new-trade-deal/.
[iii] Conservative MP calls USMCA “a bad deal” for Saskatchewan and
Canada, 620 CKRM, Oct 6, 2018, please take time to click the following link to read the interesting
article: https://www.620ckrm.com/2018/10/06/saskatchewan-conservative-mp-not-a-fan-of-the-usmca/.
[iv] David Boles: Conservative MP calls USMCA “a bad deal” for
Saskatchewan and Canada, 620 CKRM The Source, Oct 6, 2018, please take time to click the
following link to read the article: https://www.620ckrm.com/2018/10/06/saskatchewan-conservative-mp-not-a-fan-of-the-usmca/.
[v] John Gormley: The Impact of the USMCA on Saskatchewan, CJME/CKOM,
Oct 3, 2018, https://soundcloud.com/980cjme_650ckom/gormley-the-impact-of-the-usmca-on-saskatchewan-october-3rd.
[vi] George Petras: From NAFTA to USMCA: Key changes on trilateral trade
pact, USA TODAY, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/10/01/comparison-nafta-and-usmca-trade-agreements/1487163002/.
[vii] Michael
Collins: New trade deal with Canada, Mexico borrows heavily from pact that
Trump abandoned, USA Today, Oct 3, 2018, please click the following link to
read the article: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/usmca-new-trade-deal-canada-borrows-pact-trump-abandoned/1498224002/.
[viii] Michael
Collins: New trade deal with Canada, Mexico borrows heavily from pact that
Trump abandoned, USA Today, Oct 3, 2018, please click the following link to
read the article: https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/10/03/usmca-new-trade-deal-canada-borrows-pact-trump-abandoned/1498224002/.
[ix] Tim Fernholz: Donald Trump’s new NAFTA is the blueprint for his trade
war with China, Quartz, Oct 1, 2018, https://qz.com/1409072/trumps-new-nafta-and-the-anti-china-tpp/.
[x] Neil
Terkewitz: The TPP and USMCA: The Good, the Bad & the Ugly, Medium, Oct 3,
2018, https://medium.com/@nturkewitz_56674/the-tpp-and-usmca-the-good-the-bad-the-ugly-well-actually-only-the-good-the-ugly-729dade68a8a.
[xi] Livio Di Matteo: New trade deal increases American sway over Canada, Fraser
Institute, Oct 13, 2018, please
take time to click the following link to read the interesting article: https://www.fraserinstitute.org/article/new-trade-deal-increases-american-sway-over-canada.
[xii] William Watson: “Six months’ notice” and The Art of the Squeeze, Fraser
Institute, October 5, 2018, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/blogs/six-months-notice-and-the-art-of-the-squeeze.
[xiii] Carol
Thomson: What The Proposed Trade Deal Means For Saskatchewan, Country 600 CJWW,
Oct 1, 2018, please take time to click the following link to read the
interesting article: https://www.cjwwradio.com/2018/10/01/what-the-proposed-trade-deal-means-for-saskatchewan/?from=groupmessage&isappinstalled=0.
[xiv] David Baxter: Steel tariffs, American dairy and cheaper online
shopping; what USMCA means for Sask., Global News, Oct 1, 2018, please click the following link to read the
interesting article: https://globalnews.ca/news/4504520/sask-steelworkers-disappointed-tariffs-remain-despite-new-trade-deal/.
[xv] Amy Husser: Will USMCA affect Canada's drug prices? Depends on what
happens next, experts say, CBC News, Oct 2, 2018, please click the following link to read the
interesting article: https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/usmca-pharma-drugs-prices-cost-1.4846421.
[xvi] David Baxter: Steel tariffs, American dairy and cheaper online
shopping; what USMCA means for Sask., Global News, Oct 1, 2018, please click the following link to read the
interesting article: https://globalnews.ca/news/4504520/sask-steelworkers-disappointed-tariffs-remain-despite-new-trade-deal/.
[xvii] Report: Retaliatory tariffs will negate USMCA export gains, Fruit
Growers News, OCT 31, 2018
[xviii] David Baxter: Steel tariffs, American dairy and cheaper online
shopping; what USMCA means for Sask., Global News, Oct 1, 2018, please click the following link to read the
interesting article: https://globalnews.ca/news/4504520/sask-steelworkers-disappointed-tariffs-remain-despite-new-trade-deal/;
David Boles: Conservative MP calls USMCA “a bad deal” for Saskatchewan and
Canada, 620 CKRM The Source, Oct 6, 2018, please click the following link to
read the article: https://www.620ckrm.com/2018/10/06/saskatchewan-conservative-mp-not-a-fan-of-the-usmca/.
[xix] Saskatchewan Export Trade Statistics 2000-2017, Asia Pacific
Foundation of Canada, Oct 29, 2018, https://theasiafactor.ca/sk.
[xx] Total Saskatchewan Exports to the U.S. by Product - 2017 (CAD
Thousands), please check https://www.sasktrade.com/pages/appendix_a_b__c;
Snapshot of Canadian Dairy Industry, 2015, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada#Snapshot_of_Canadian_Dairy_Industry,_2015%5B3%5D.
[xxi] Saskatchewan dairy farmers caught in the middle of turbulent NAFTA
talks, Global News, Aug 19, 2018, https://globalnews.ca/video/4417730/sask-dairy-exports.
[xxiii] Carlo Dade: Canada’s steel and aluminum industry, and the impact of
U.S. tariffs, Canada West Foundation, June 1, 2018, please take time to view
the article by clicking the link: http://cwf.ca/news/blog/blog-canadas-steel-and-aluminum-industry-and-the-impact-of-u-s-tariffs/.
[xxiv] Carlo Dade:
CPTPP ratification a win for West, Winnipeg Free Press, Nov 5, 2018, https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/cptpp-ratification-a-win-for-west-499607091.html.
[xxv] Two Canadian Ministers Will Visit China Next Month to Promote
Sino-Canada Trade, Global Times, Oct 18, 2018.
[xxvi] Jayme Gramlich: Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for a
Trans-Pacific Partnership presents opportunity for Saskatchewan, Sept 20, 2018,
please take time to read by clicking https://www.saskatchewan.ca/business/agriculture-natural-resources-and-industry/agribusiness-farmers-and-ranchers/sask-ag-now/policy-trade-and-market-development/trans-pacific-partnership-agreement.
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